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[(randomized)-424.8(to)-422.8(receive)-427.2(\(1\))-423.7(placebo)-426(until)-420.6(9)-421.6(months)-422.5(of)-422.6(age,)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(\(2\))-320(placebo)-328.1(for)-325.8(46)-320.1(months)-324.6(followed)-327.9(by)-319(iron)-321.3(\(1)-169.2(mg/kg/day\))]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(for)-527.4(69)-533.2(months,)-529.6(or)-532.1(\(3\))-527.4(iron)-534.4(\(1)-163.4(mg/kg/day\))-532(until)-535.8(at)-527.6(least)]TJ
T*
[(9)-433.1(months.)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 351.496 510.3495 Tm
[(10,1)-8.6(1)]TJ
9.843 0 0 9.843 372.4156 505.9841 Tm
[(The)-437.6(primary)-436.4(aim,)-435.5(to)-434.3(detect)-442.3(a)-434.2(difference)-441.9(in)]TJ
-6.255 -1.1174 TD
[(hemoglobin,)-259(was)-258.6(demonstrated)-265.6(for)-262.4(the)-258(infants)-262.3(receiving)-261.3(iron)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(supplementation)-470.8(starting)-465.2(at)-470(4)-461.9(months.)-466.2(When)-468.6(iron)-465.3(supple-)]TJ
T*
[(mentation)-566.8(starte)-9(d)-565.5(a)0(t)-567.9(6)-565.5(months,)-569.9(the)-569(infants)-567.6(in)-572.5(Honduras)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(demonstrated)-628.5(signicantly)-626.2(higher)-624.2(hemoglobin)-624.2(while)-624.1(the)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(Swedish)-228.4(infants)-233.5(did)-228.1(not)-228.1(\(LOE)-232.3(IB\).)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 445.5495 455.5274 Tm
(11)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 455.1873 451.1621 Tm
[(In)-232.6(evaluation)-228(of)-232.5(growth,)]TJ
-14.6642 -1.1116 TD
[(the)-223.5(Swedish)-228.4(infants)-227.8(supplemented)-225.4(with)-230.2(iron)-223.4(had)-223.3(signicantly)]TJ
T*
[(lower)-215(length)-215.4(and)-217.6(head)-214.1(circumference)-224.2(gains)-214(than)-218.8(those)-213.9(infants)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(receiving)-324.6(placebo)-328.1(from)-328.1(4)-323.6(t)0(o)-324.9(9)-323.6(months)-330.3(\(LOE)-324.4(IB\).)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 507.7416 422.6456 Tm
(10)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 518.3431 418.2802 Tm
[(In)-324.7(Hon-)]TJ
-21.0805 -1.1116 TD
[(duras,)-286.3(a)-290.2(negative)-289(effect)-286.6(on)-290.2(linear)-285.6(growth)-289.8(was)-287.4(evident)-286.8(at)-291.5(46)]TJ
T*
[(months)-220.9(only)-229.2(among)-221(iron-sufcient)-230.8(infants)-227.8(\(with)-225.5(an)-222.2(initial)-228.4(Hb)]TJ
/F12 1 Tf
0 -1.1174 TD
()Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
[(110)-164.6(g/L\).)-412.3(In)-411.1(addition,)-411.2(in)-411.3(both)-413.5(sites,)-407.4(iron)-413.4(supplementation)]TJ
-.5529 -1.1116 TD
[(increased)-446.4(the)-448.1(likelihood)-444.7(of)-445.7(diarrhea)-444.3(among)-445.6(iron-sufcient)]TJ
T*
(infants.)Tj
1.0137 -1.1174 TD
[(The)-339.7(question)-344.1(as)-337.2(to)-342.1(whether)-345.1(iron)-338.6(should)-340.6(be)-343.2(provided)-344.1(as)-337.2(a)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(daily)-271.9(or)-272.9(weekly)-274.9(dose)-270.3(has)-275(been)-271.7(evalu)-8(ated)-271.8(by)-272.9(one)-269.4(randomized)]TJ
T*
[(trial)-254.7(without)-256.6(study)-253.1(blinding.)-254.5(No)-256.5(difference)-257.6(in)-255.8(iron)-252.2(deciency)]TJ
T*
[(or)-290.1(iron-deciency)-290.8(anemia)-293.7(was)-287.4(observed)-293.1(with)-287.8(ferrous)-290.8(sulfate)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(suspension)-345.8(dosed)-352.1(at)-343.3(1)-168.1(mg/kg)-346.7(daily,)-350.2(7)-168.1(mg/kg)-346.7(weekly,)-347.4(versus)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(no)-491.8(supplement)-498.5(provided)-493.9(to)-497.7(breastfeeding)-497(infants)-498.5(at)-493.1(410)]TJ
T*
[(months)-278.5(of)-284.4(age)-282.1(\()]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
6.3472 0 TD
(n)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
.6681 0 TD
(=)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.72 0 TD
[(79\))-279.7(\(LOE)-284.1(IB\).)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 443.6786 291.1747 Tm
(12)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 320.8251 275.8109 Tm
[(St)15.1(udi)13.8(es)-377.5(of)-376.5(whe)11.9(the)12.7(r)-375.4(iro)13.9(n)-381.2(sho)14.2(uld)-372(be)-377.7(pro)14(vi)14.9(ded)-373.1(as)-377.5(a)-382.4(dis)14(tin)13.7(ct)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(dos)14.2(e)-221.1(o)0(r)-215.3(ins)14(tea)17.3(d)-220(thr)13.9(oug)14(h)-220(for)14(ti)13.9(ed)-216.5(cer)11.7(eal)-213.1(are)-212.9(ope)18.6(n-l)13.9(abe)11.7(l)-220.1(stu)14.1(die)12.7(s.)]TJ
T*
[(In)-249.8(200)14(4)-254.5(i)0(n)-250(Hon)13.1(dur)14(as,)-242.7(4-m)12.8(ont)13.8(h-o)14(ld,)-241.9(exc)11.7(lus)14(ive)12.7(ly)-250(bre)12.8(ast)12.9(fee)11.7(din)19.6(g)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(inf)13.9(ant)18.4(s)-311.9(wer)12(e)-313.3(ran)12.8(dom)18.5(ize)11.5(d)-312.1(t)0(o)-307.6(iro)13.9(n-)15.1(for)14(ti)13.9(ed)-308.6(cer)11.7(eal)-299.5(or)-307.4(no)-307.5(cer)11.7(ea)12.8(l)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(unt)13.8(il)-284.7(6)-289.1(mon)12.7(ths)-279.7(of)-284.4(age)-282.1(\(LO)11.9(E)-290.3(IB\))13(.)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 439.0865 236.3527 Tm
(13)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 449.2912 231.9873 Tm
[(In)-290.1(thi)13.7(s)-288.9(stu)14(dy,)-282.1(in)15(fan)12.9(ts)-290.1(wh)14.2(o)]TJ
-14.0652 -1.1116 TD
[(exh)12.8(ib)15(ite)12.6(d)-243(ane)11.7(mia)-230.5(at)-239.6(stu)14(dy)-238.3(ini)19.5(tia)12.6(tio)13.7(n)-243(\(58)14(%)-238.3(o)0(f)-238.3(the)-235(iro)13.9(n-f)14(ort)13.9(ie)18.6(d)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(gro)14(up)-324.7(and)-327(47%)-326.9(of)-330.5(ex)13.9(clu)12.7(siv)14(ely)-327.1(bre)12.9(ast)12.9(fee)17.4(din)13.9(g)-335.2(gro)14(up\))-325.8(als)12.9(o)-335.2(r)0(e)14(-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(cei)11.5(ve)13.9(d)-185.4(iro)13.9(n)-185.4(dro)19.8(ps.)-178.2(Of)-175.8(the)-177.4(inf)13.9(ant)12.7(s)-179.5(who)-177(wer)12(e)-180.8(not)-176.2(ane)11.7(mi)13.7(c)-186.6(a)0(t)-182(stu)14(dy)]TJ
T*
[(ini)13.7(tia)18.3(tio)13.7(n,)-482.6(tho)13.8(se)-481.2(rec)11.7(eiv)12.7(ing)-475.7(iro)13.9(n-f)14(ort)13.9(ie)12.8(d)-484.9(cer)11.7(eal)-478.1(had)-482.5(sig)14(ni)14.9(-)]TJ
T*
[(can)11.7(tl)14.8(y)-410(hig)13.9(her)-396.1(hem)11.6(ogl)13.8(obi)13.8(n)-404.3(and)-401.9(low)13(er)-400.8(pre)12.8(val)12.7(enc)11.7(e)-405.4(o)0(f)-405.3(ane)11.7(mi)13.7(a)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(tha)12.7(n)-473.4(tho)13.8(se)-469.7(exc)11.7(lus)14(ive)12.7(ly)-468.9(bre)12.8(ast)12.9(fe)13.9(d.)-471.1(How)12.2(eve)11.7(r,)-471(whe)17.7(n)-479.1(ana)17.4(lys)14(is)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(als)12.9(o)-496.4(inc)12.7(lud)13.8(ed)-498.7(inf)13.9(ant)12.7(s)-496.2(rec)11.7(eiv)12.7(ing)-493(iro)13.9(n)-496.4(dro)14(ps)-497.3(for)-492.8(pre)12.8(exi)12.7(sti)13.9(ng)]TJ
T*
[(ane)11.7(mi)13.7(a,)-311(hem)17.3(ogl)13.8(obi)13.8(n)-312.1(was)-304.6(hig)13.9(her)-303.9(in)-307.6(th)15(e)-313.3(exc)11.6(lus)14(ive)12.7(ly)-307.6(bre)12.9(ast)12.9(fe)13.9(d)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(gro)14(up.)-420.3(Thi)12.6(s)-438.6(stu)14(dy)-428.4(rai)12.7(ses)-424.5(con)12.8(cer)11.7(n)-433.1(tha)12.7(t)-433.2(iro)13.9(n-f)14(ort)13.9(ie)12.9(d)-433.1(cer)11.7(ea)12.8(ls)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(ma)12.7(y)-277.6(hin)13.9(der)-263.6(the)-269.5(act)17.3(ion)-268.4(of)-272.9(ir)15(on)-272.9(dro)14(ps)-267(to)-273(imp)12.6(rov)14(e)-273(hem)11.6(ogl)13.8(ob)15.1(in.)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(Further)-360.1(study)-362.5(of)-365(iron-fortied)-361.2(cereal)-368.5(has)-361.4(occurred)-363.6(in)-365.2(the)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1174 TD
[(United)-268.1(States.)-277.2(The)-270.6(rst)-269.1(study)-270.4(was)-270.1(an)-268.3(open-label)-273.9(randomized)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(trial)-450.5(comparing)-451.3(iron)-448(drops)-448.8(\(77.5)-164.4(mg)-446.9(ferrous)-452.1(sulfate/day\),)]TJ
T*
[(iron-fortied)-401.5(cereal)-408.8(\(77.5)-164.4(mg)-400.8(ferrous)-406(sulfate/day\),)-406.2(and)-401.9(no)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(intervention)-200.3(from)-195.6(4)-196.9(t)0(o)-192.4(9)-196.9(months)-197.8(of)-198(age)-195.7(in)-198.2(93)-198(infants)-199(who)-194.2(were)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(exclusively)-453.5(breastfeeding)-462.5(at)-452.8(1)-450.3(month)-456.1(\(LOE)-456.9(IB\).)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 511.1998 61.0016 Tm
(14)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 523.0486 56.6362 Tm
[(In)-451.4(this)]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 59.7543 749.7069 Tm
[(ABM)-336(PROTOCOL)]TJ
53.0113 0 TD
(399)Tj
ET
endstream
endobj
36 0 obj
<>stream
/GS1 gs
BT
/F7 1 Tf
9.843 0 0 9.843 62.022 725.1588 Tm
0 0 0 rg
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(study,)-348.7(the)-350.2(group)-345.3(with)-351.1(no)-347.8(intervention)-350.1(demonstrated)-357.8(signi-)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(cantly)-406.6(lower)-410.8(plasma)-407.5(ferritin)-407.7(concentrations)-411.9(throughout)-408.7(the)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(intervention)-217.6(period)-209.5(and)-211.8(up)-215.3(to)-209.7(15)-209.5(months)-215.1(of)-209.5(age.)-210.7(There)-216.3(was)-212.5(no)]TJ
T*
[(signicant)-445.4(difference)-447.7(in)-445.8(serum)-445.4(ferritin)-448(levels)-446.7(between)-444.2(the)]TJ
T*
[(group)-201.3(receiving)-203.7(iron)-200.3(drops)-195.3(and)-200.3(iron-fortied)-205.7(cereal.)-204.9(The)-195.7(iron-)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(fortied)-424.7(cereal)-426.1(was)-425.6(well)-427.2(tolerated.)-426.1(Of)-423.5(interest,)-429.4(the)-425.1(infants)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(receiving)-267.1(iron)-257.9(drops)-258.7(demonstrated)-265.6(signicantly)-263.4(lower)-266.8(length)]TJ
T*
[(growth)-284(during)-283.2(the)-286.8(intervention,)-284.4(although)-280.9(this)-286.7(difference)-286.4(dis-)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(sipated)-447.8(in)-445.8(the)-442.3(second)-446.5(year.)-447.9(Further)-446.5(study)-443.2(of)-445.7(iron-fortied)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(cereal)-351.2(compared)-341.8(electrolyti)-10.5(c)-342.1(iron)-344.3(\(54.5)-169.1(mg)-343.3(Fe/100)-163.3(g)-346.7(cereal\))]TJ
T*
[(and)-332.8(ferrous)-336.9(fumarate)-336.1(\(52.2)-163.3(mg)-337.5(Fe/100)-163.3(g)-335.2(cereal\))-335(from)-333.9(4)-329.4(t)0(o)-336.4(9)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(months)-261.2(and)-257.9(demonstrated)-259.9(no)-261.4(difference)-263.4(in)-255.8(iron)-257.9(deciency)-262.2(or)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(iron-deciency)-267.8(anemia)-270.6(between)-265.6(groups)-265.6(\()]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
16.4324 0 TD
(n)Tj
/F12 1 Tf
.6624 0 TD
(=)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.72 0 TD
[(95\))-262.5(\(LOE)-266.8(IB\).)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 293.7259 597.9967 Tm
(15)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 72 582.6896 Tm
[(One)-230(further)-227.8(randomized)-228.9(controlled)-232.6(trial)-225.9(evaluated)-233.7(whether)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(iron)-574.7(supplementation)-574.5(of)-572.4(the)-569(breastfeeding)-577.7(infant)-572.4(at)-573.7(49)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(months)-220.9(of)-221(age)-218.7(had)-217.6(an)-222.2(effect)-223.3(on)-215.3(copper)-222(status)-220.7(and)-217.6(showed)-221.6(that)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(infants)-636.7(receiving)-635.7(iron)-632.3(supplementation)-637.9(had)-638(signicantly)]TJ
T*
[(lower)-526(copper-zinc)-523.7(oxide)-519.4(dismutase)-526(when)-524.8(compared)-520.4(with)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(controls)-384.4(at)-377.9(9)-381.2(months.)-379.8(In)-382.3(addition)-384.7(to)-376.7(the)-384.7(negative)-381.2(effect)-384.5(on)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(growth)-261(parameters)-264.4(exhibited)-266.1(in)-261.5(the)-258(iron)-263.7(supplementation)-263.5(tri-)]TJ
T*
[(als)-401.8(mentioned)-399.6(previously,)-401.5(this)-401.9(potential)-398.7(negative)-404.2(effect)-401.8(on)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(copper)-285.4(status)-278.3(warrants)-288.3(further)-279.6(investigation.)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 236.6928 499.4077 Tm
(16)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 72 484.0439 Tm
[(Both)-218.7(the)-217.7(European)-219.7(Society)-217.5(for)-216.3(Pediatric)-220.9(Gastroenterology,)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(Hepatology,)-392.3(and)-396.1(Nutrition)-391.4(\(ESPGHAN\))-394.4(and)-390.4(the)-390.5(American)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(Academy)-433.8(of)-434.1(Pediatrics)-435(\(AAP\))-433.2(have)-432.9(reviewed)-439.5(the)-430.8(existing)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(literature)-326(up)-324.7(to)-319.1(2014)-321.2(and)-321.2(2010,)-324.6(respectively,)-326.7(and)-321.2(have)-323.5(pub-)]TJ
T*
[(lished)-353.4(a)-353.6(position)-348.8(article)-357.1(or)-347.8(clinical)-352.6(report,)-356.8(respectively.)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 284.485 444.5857 Tm
(17,18)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 62.022 429.2786 Tm
[(ESPGHAN)-467.1(reports)-469.5(that)-460.8()45(there)-464(is)-462.9(insufcient)-469.5(evidence)-468.6(to)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(support)-410.8(general)-408.7(iron)-407.7(supplementation)-413.2(of)-411.1(healthy)-407.7(European)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(infants)-250.8(and)-246.4(toddlers)-251.9(of)-249.8(normal)-245.3(birth)-247.6(weight.)44.2()-248.7(I)0(n)-244.1(contrast,)-250.8(the)]TJ
T*
[(AAP)-373.5(Committee)-373.2(on)-370.8(Nutrition)-374.1(concludes)-376.2(that)-374.4(breastfeeding)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(infants)-400.6(should)-398.2(be)-400.8()50.8(supplemented)-405(with)-397.2(1)-168.1(mg/kg)-398.5(per)-396.1(day)-401.9(of)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(oral)-236.1(iron)-234.9(beginning)-236(at)-233.9(4)-231.5(months)-232.4(of)-232.6(age)-236(until)-236.3(appropriate)-234.7(iron-)]TJ
T*
[(containing)-324.8(complementary)-326.9(foods)-322.1(\(including)-317.8(iron)-321.3(containing)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(cereals\))-289.8(are)-287.8(introduced)-284.3(in)-284.6(the)-286.8(diet.)47.3()-283.3(O)0(f)-285.3(note,)-285.6(when)-282.9(the)-286.8(AAP)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(Section)-355.7(on)-353.5(Breastfeeding)-359.8(reviewed)-353.1(the)-355.9(evidence,)-356.9(they)-351.3(con-)]TJ
T*
[(cluded)-498.6(that)-495.4(studies)-492.6(demonstrating)-501.9(benet)-492.7(of)-497.5(iron)-494.1(supple-)]TJ
T*
[(mentation)-353.7(before)-354.5(6)-352.4(months)-353.4(of)-353.5(age)-351.2(were)-353.1(inade)-8(quate)-353.5(both)-350.1(in)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(number)-279.7(and)-286.7(in)-278.8(the)-281.1(clinical)-283.5(importance)-286.7(of)-278.6(the)-281.1(outcomes.)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 282.6141 313.0582 Tm
(19)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 72 297.7511 Tm
[(In)-353.5(summary)-350.9(of)-353.5(the)-355.9(literature)-354.8(regarding)-357.9(direct)-354.7(infant)-353.6(sup-)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(plementation,)-459.6(two)-459.3(small)-457.2(studies)-458(demonstrate)-460.4(potential)-462(for)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(hematologic)-449.2(and)-442.2(neurodevelopmental)-453.5(benet)-440.9(with)-449(supple-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(mentation)-250(as)-245.1(early)-244.1(as)-245.1(1)-243(month)-243(of)-244.1(age.)-245.2(Specically,)-250.7(one)-246.4(small)]TJ
T*
[(study)-207(of)-203.8(77)-209.5(term)-202.7(breastfed)-214.9(newborns)-206.5(who)-205.8(were)-209.2(supplemented)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(at)-389.4(some)-386.7(time)-387.2(between)-386.6(1)-387(and)-384.6(6)-387(months)-387.9(of)-382.3(age)-385.8(showed)-388.6(im-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(proved)-370.6(psychomotor,)-363.4(but)-366.3(not)-366.3(cognitive,)-373.2(development)-368.5(at)-366.4(13)]TJ
T*
[(months.)-339.5(Larger)-338.4(studies)-342.8(with)-339.6(initiation)-341.3(of)-336.2(iron)-338.6(supplementa-)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(tion)-298.4(at)-291.5(4)-294.8(o)0(r)-295.9(6)-294.8(months)-295.8(of)-295.9(age)-293.6(demonstrate)-299.1(improved)-299.3(hemato-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(logic)-214.3(indices.)-215.1(Both)-212.9(iron)-211.8(drops)-212.6(and)-211.8(iron-fortied)-217.2(cereal)-218.7(appear)]TJ
T*
[(to)-411.3(increase)-416.5(laboratory)-411(indices)-413.3(of)-411.1(iron)-407.7(deciency)-417.7(and)-407.6(iron-)]TJ
T*
[(deciency)-481.1(anemia)-478(but,)-479.2(when)-478.7(given)-473.3(together,)-481.3(the)-476.9(fortied)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(cereal)-477.9(may)-472.2(hinder)-474.4(the)-476.9(action)-475.7(of)-474.5(the)-471.1(drops.)-475.3(Of)-469.6(note,)-475.7(iron)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(supplementation)-211.6(is)-209.5(not)-205(only)-206.1(associated)-211.4(with)-207.1(improved)-212.9(weight)]TJ
T*
[(for)-302.7(length)-301.8(measurements)-308(but)-297.2(also)-305(shows)-299.7(a)-301.8(negative)-306.3(associa-)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(tion)-281.1(with)-282(both)-281(length)-278.7(and)-280.9(head)-283.2(circumference)-287.5(parameters.)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 62.022 105.9023 Tm
(Recommendations)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
9.843 0 0 9.843 72 89.4614 Tm
[(Iro)14(n)-438.8(sup)14.2(ple)12.7(me)12.7(nta)12.7(tio)13.7(n)-438.8(i)0(s)-434.1(not)-429.7(req)12.9(uir)13.9(ed)-435.3(for)-429.5(the)-430.8(non)14(ane)11.7(mic)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1174 TD
[(bre)12.8(ast)12.9(fee)11.7(din)19.6(g)-329.4(mot)12.6(her)12.8(.)-331.7(Iro)19.8(n)-329.4(sup)14.2(ple)12.7(men)11.6(tat)12.6(ion)-314.5(to)-324.9(the)-321.4(4-m)12.8(ont)13.8(h-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(old)-314.5(ful)13.9(l-t)13.8(er)14(m,)-322.5(ex)13.9(clu)12.7(siv)14(ely)-315.6(bre)12.8(ast)12.9(fe)14(d)-323.6(inf)13.9(ant)-315.6(is)-318.9(ass)13.2(oc)13.9(iat)12.6(ed)-320.1(wit)12.8(h)]TJ
T*
[(imp)12.6(rov)14(ed)-544.8(hem)11.6(ato)12.7(log)13.9(ica)17.3(l)-554.2(ind)13.8(ice)11.5(s.)-551.5(Ho)14.2(wev)11.9(er,)-548.2(th)15(e)-555.2(lon)13.8(g-t)13.9(erm)]TJ
25.504 67.9242 TD
[(ben)12.8(et)-229.1(of)-238.3(im)13.7(pro)14(ved)-229.1(hem)11.6(ato)12.7(log)13.9(ic)-233.9(ind)13.9(ice)17.3(s)-242.8(a)0(t)-233.9(46)-227.9(mon)12.7(ths)-227.9(is)-232.5(not)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(kno)14(wn.)-375.1(Th)13.9(ere)-374.2(are)-368.5(pot)13.8(ent)12.7(ial)-373.3(har)12.8(ms)-371.9(of)-376.5(iro)13.9(n)-381.2(sup)19.9(ple)12.7(men)11.6(tat)12.6(ion)13.9(,)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(esp)13(eci)11.5(all)12.6(y)-220(o)0(n)-215.3(imm)11.4(une)-211.8(fun)14(ct)13.8(ion)-216.5(an)13.9(d)-225.7(i)0(n)-215.4(pos)14.2(sib)14(ly)-215.4(dec)17.4(rea)11.7(sin)14(g)-220(the)]TJ
T*
[(bio)13.9(ava)11.7(ila)12.6(bil)13.7(ity)-285.8(of)-290.2(iro)13.9(n)-294.8(con)12.8(tai)12.6(ne)13.9(d)-300.6(i)0(n)-290.3(hum)18.5(an)-291.3(mil)12.5(k.)-292.5(In)-290.1(add)12.8(iti)13.6(on,)]TJ
T*
[(the)12.7(re)-297.1(is)-295.9(pot)13.8(ent)12.7(ial)-292.7(ha)13.9(rm)-297.1(in)-296.1(inf)13.9(ant)-292.6(gro)19.8(wth)-292.3(and)-292.4(mor)12.8(bid)13.9(it)14.8(y)-300.6(whe)11.9(n)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(iro)13.9(n)-277.6(sup)14.2(ple)12.7(men)11.6(tat)12.6(io)15(n)-277.6(i)0(s)-278.6(pro)19.8(vid)13.9(ed)-274.1(to)-273(iro)13.9(n-s)14.2(uf)14.2(cie)11.5(nt)-273(inf)13.9(an)13.9(ts.)-270.5(If)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(iro)13.9(n)-323.6(sup)14.2(ple)12.7(men)11.6(tat)18.3(ion)-314.5(is)-318.9(giv)13.9(en)-320.1(bef)12.8(ore)-315.5(6)-317.9(mon)12.7(ths)14(,)-326(i)0(t)-313.5(sho)14.2(uld)-314.5(be)]TJ
T*
[(giv)13.9(en)-377.7(as)-377.5(a)-376.6(1)-162.4(mg/)12.6(kg/)13.8(day)-367.3(dis)14(tin)13.7(ct)-377.9(iro)13.9(n)-381.2(sup)19.9(ple)12.7(men)11.6(t)-381.4(unt)13.8(il)-371.1(iro)13.9(n-)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(for)14(ti)13.9(ed)-291.3(cer)11.7(eal)11.5(s)-288.9(\(7)14(7.5)-155.4(mg)-285.7(fer)12.9(rou)14(s)-294.6(sul)14(fat)12.7(e/)13.8(day)12.8(\))-294.8(o)0(r)-290.2(oth)13.9(er)-285.5(iro)13.9(n-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(ric)12.7(h)-248.8(foo)14(ds)-243.9(suc)13(h)-248.8(a)0(s)-245.1(m)0(e)12.7(at,)-237.3(tof)13.9(u,)-246.4(bea)11.7(ns,)-235.8(and)-240.6(the)-235(lik)13.7(e)-249.9(are)-241.7(ini)13.7(ti)14.8(ate)11.5(d)]TJ
T*
[(at)-187.8(6)-191.2(mon)12.7(ths)-176(of)-186.5(age)-184.2(wit)12.8(h)-185.4(oth)13.8(er)-187.6(com)11.6(pl)14.9(eme)10.4(nta)12.7(ry)-186.5(foo)19.8(ds.)-184(\(LO)11.9(E)-186.6(IB\))]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 313.0582 590.8534 Tm
[(Recommendations)-338.1(for)-332.5(future)-332.3(research)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
9.843 0 0 9.843 323.0361 574.4125 Tm
[(Future)-295.7(research)-295.4(is)-290.1(essential)-295.6(to)-290.3(evaluate)-296(the)-292.6(neurodevelop-)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(mental)-667(outcomes)-663.2(associated)-666.4(with)-656.4(iron)-661.1(supplementation.)]TJ
T*
[(Moreo)-7.5(ver,)-226.7(the)-223.5(process)-228.5(of)-226.8(delayed)-230.2(cord)-224.4(clamping)-231.5(at)-222.4(birth)-230.4(may)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(also)-212.8(have)-208.3(signicant)-209.2(effects)-212.7(on)-203.8(iron)-206.1(stores.)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 478.488 545.8959 Tm
(20,21)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 497.14 541.5306 Tm
[(Other)-209.2(areas)-210.4(of)]TJ
-18.7018 -1.1116 TD
[(potential)-214.4(evaluation)-210.7(include)-206.1(earlier)-213(supplementation)-211.6(\(as)-205.8(early)]TJ
T*
[(as)-216.3(one)-211.8(postnatal)-214(month\),)-213(the)-211.9(potential)-214.4(for)-216.3(positive)-211.8(or)-215.3(negative)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(effects)-316.3(on)-307.5(growth,)-310.5(potential)-312.3(for)-308.5(negative)-312.1(effects)-310.6(on)-307.5(immune)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(function,)-295.9(and)-292.4(potential)-295(for)-291.2(positive)-292.4(or)-295.9(negative)-294.8(effect)-292.4(on)-295.9(the)]TJ
T*
[(homeostasis)-286.1(of)-284.4(other)-277.5(minerals)-283.1(such)-281.8(as)-285.4(zinc)-283.3(and)-280.9(copper.)]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 313.0582 462.0471 Tm
(Zinc)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0 -1.8336 TD
[(Background)-335.4(section)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
9.843 0 0 9.843 323.0361 429.1653 Tm
[(Zinc)-381.3(is)-376.5(involved)-373.1(in)-376.7(many)-381.2(functions)-374(of)-376.5(human)-376.5(health)-377.8(in-)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(cluding)-458.4(enzymatic)-10.3(;)-456.2(cell)-456.2(differentiation;)-459.5(protein,)-461.8(lipid,)-458.6(and)]TJ
T*
[(carbohydrat)-9.9(e)-244.2(metabolism;)-247.6(gene)-248.6(transcription;)-248.5(and)-246.4(immunity.)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(Zinc)-473.4(deciency)-469.6(is)-462.9(associated)-470.6(with)-472.1(growth)-462.6(failure)-471(and)-465.2(in-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(creased)-484.4(susceptibility)-478.9(to)-474.6(infection)-479.1(and)-476.8(skin)-476.6(inammation,)]TJ
T*
[(diarrh)-7.8(ea,)-221.1(alopecia,)-230.3(and)-229.1(behavioral)-227.8(disturbances.)-227.3(Randomized)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(controlled)-399.6(trials)-399.6(\(LOE)-393.5(IB\))-395.9(of)-393.8(zinc)-398.5(supplementation)-401.7(to)-394(lac-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(tating)-330.7(mothers)-326.8(or)-330.5(to)-324.9(infants)-325.7(have)-329.3(evaluated)-331.6(serum)-330.2(and)-327(milk)]TJ
T*
[(zinc)-473.4(concentrations,)-478.7(growth,)-471.8(infection,)-476.8(neurodevelopment,)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(hema)-8(tologic)-280(indices,)-284.2(and)-280.9(copper)-279.6(levels)-285.5(as)-279.6(outcomes.)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(A)-526.1(blinded)-521.7(randomized)-522.7(controlled)-526.3(trial)-525.4(of)-520.5(zinc)-525.2(supple-)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(mentation)-607.1(\(zinc)-601.2(sulfate)-597.6(10)-169.2(mg/day\))-597.7(to)-601.3(lactating)-601.4(mothers)]TJ
T*
[(demonstrated)-524.8(increased)-527.1(maternal)-520.6(zinc)-519.5(concentrations)-527.1(and)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(increased)-331.3(milk)-316.9(zinc)-323.6(concentrations)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 452.1826 291.0613 Tm
(22)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 462.7274 286.696 Tm
[(\(LOE)-324.4(IB\).)-318.7(In)-324.7(contrast,)]TJ
-15.2056 -1.1116 TD
[(another)-390.3(study)-379.8(of)-382.3(supplementation)-390.2(of)-382.3(mothers)-384.4(with)-379.9(preterm)]TJ
T*
[(infants)-273.8(with)-276.2(50)-163.5(mg/day)-274.1(zinc)-271.8(chelate)-277.6(showed)-273.4(no)-267.1(difference)-274.9(in)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(maternal)-595.5(serum)-589.4(zinc)-594.3(levels)-590.7(\(LOE)-589.4(IIA\).)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 482.2298 258.1795 Tm
(23)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 495.4392 253.8141 Tm
[(Neither)-592.9(study)]TJ
-18.529 -1.1116 TD
[(showed)-284.9(a)-278.7(difference)-280.7(in)-278.8(infant)-278.7(zinc)-283.3(levels)-279.7(or)-278.6(in)-278.8(infant)-278.7(growth)]TJ
T*
[(when)-305.9(compared)-301.5(with)-305(infants)-302.7(whose)-301.1(mothers)-303.8(did)-302.9(not)-297.2(receive)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(zinc)-283.3(supplementation.)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 400.1385 225.3543 Tm
(22,23)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 323.0361 209.9905 Tm
[(Double-blind)-390(randomized)-390.2(controlled)-388.1(trials)-388.1(of)-382.3(direct)-389.3(zinc)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(supple)-7.7(mentation)-480.4(to)-486.1(the)-482.7(breastfed)-485.6(infant)-480.3(in)-486.1(Thailand)-484.9(have)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(evalu)-8(ated)-317.9(410)-321.2(month-old)-322.4(infants)-325.7(receiving)-324.6(5)-168.1(m)0(g)-320.2(elemental)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(zinc)-369.7(sulfate)-372.9(for)-366.1(10)-365.1(months)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 420.718 181.474 Tm
(24)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 431.7164 177.1086 Tm
[(\(LOE)-370.5(IB\))-367.1(and)-367.3(46)-366.2(month)-364(old)]TJ
-12.0551 -1.1116 TD
[(infants)-331.4(receiving)-330.4(10)-169.2(mg)-326(zinc)-329.4(either)-331.7(with)-328.1(or)-330.5(without)-325.8(iron)-327(for)]TJ
T*
[(6)-421.6(months)-416.7(\(LOE)-422.3(IB\).)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 397.4172 159.5905 Tm
(9)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 405.1841 155.2252 Tm
[(Of)-423.5(note,)-418.1(these)-416.7(infants)-423.6(also)-414.4(received)]TJ
-9.3595 -1.1174 TD
[(complementary)-200.2(foods.)-193(Wasantwisut)-196.1(et)-193.6(al.)-191.2(studied)-193.2(infants)-199(who)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(received)-451.3(zinc)-444.6(alone)-445.7(and)-442.2(demonstrated)-444.2(signicantly)-447.7(higher)]TJ
T*
[(zinc)-191.2(levels)-193.3(than)-190(those)-190.9(who)-188.5(received)-192.1(iron)-188.8(alone)-192.3(\(no)-187.6(zinc\))-192.2(\(LOE)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
(IB\).)Tj
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 328.6487 115.7102 Tm
(9)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 335.1684 111.3448 Tm
[(In)-290.1(both)-286.8(studies,)-288.6(no)-284.4(difference)-292.2(in)-290.3(growth)-289.8(was)-287.4(observed.)]TJ
-2.2463 -1.1116 TD
[(The)-218.8(Heinig)-216.3(et)-216.6(al.)-220(study)-212.8(that)-218.9(also)-218.6(monitored)-219.9(for)-216.3(diarrhea,)-217.4(otitis)]TJ
T*
[(media,)-300.6(respiratory)-302.4(illness,)-306(fever,)-299.2(total)-300.8(illness,)-300.3(and)-298.2(motor)-294.8(de-)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(velopment)-284.4(found)-281.9(no)-278.7(difference)-286.4(between)-282.9(groups.)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 503.6597 82.885 Tm
(24)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 323.0361 67.5212 Tm
[(Of)-256.5(note,)-251(though)-254.4(only)-252.2(case)-261.1(series)-256.3(are)-253.3(published,)-256.5(infant)-255.7(zinc)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(deciency)-383.2(has)-378.7(been)-381.1(reported)-379.8(in)-376.7(breast)-8.8(feeding)-378.8(infants.)-381(This)]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 62.022 749.6502 Tm
(400)Tj
46.3849 0 TD
[(ABM)-336(PROTOCOL)]TJ
ET
endstream
endobj
41 0 obj
<>stream
/GS1 gs
BT
/F7 1 Tf
9.843 0 0 9.843 59.7543 725.1588 Tm
0 0 0 rg
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(rare)-398.3(disorder)-401.5(is)-393.8(called)-402(Transient)-399.4(Neonatal)-399.3(Zinc)-398.5(Deciency)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(and)-442.2(is)-434.1(due)-442.2(to)-434.3(a)-440(maternal)-440(mutation)-443.6(in)-434.3(the)-436.6(zinc)-444.6(transporter)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
(gene.)Tj
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 80.9008 707.5841 Tm
(25,26)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 101.4803 703.2188 Tm
[(When)-399.5(a)-399.7(breastfeeding)-399.1(infant)-405.4(develops)-397(zinc)-404.3(de-)]TJ
-4.2391 -1.1116 TD
[(ciency,)-509(mother)-504.4(should)-501.9(be)-504.5(evaluated)-504.4(for)-504.3(this)-505.6(rare)-502(genetic)]TJ
T*
(disorder.)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 59.7543 659.3384 Tm
(Recommendations)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
9.843 0 0 9.843 69.7323 642.9542 Tm
[(Zinc)-306.4(supplementation,)-307.2(above)-307.3(dietary)-304(intake,)-306.4(to)-301.8(the)-304.1(lactat-)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1174 TD
[(ing)-470(mother)-464.1(or)-468.7(breastfeeding)-474(infant)-463(is)-468.7(not)-464.2(associated)-476.3(with)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(improved)-529.7(outcomes)-524.9(and,)-526.3(therefore,)-529.5(is)-520.5(not)-527.6(recommended.)]TJ
T*
[(\(LOE)-284.1(IB\))]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 59.7543 588.1321 Tm
[(Recommendations)-338.1(for)-332.5(future)-332.3(research)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
9.843 0 0 9.843 69.7323 571.6912 Tm
[(Evidence)-439.8(regarding)-438.5(the)-436.6(role)-431.9(of)-434.1(zinc)-438.8(in)-434.3(susceptibility)-438.6(to)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1174 TD
[(infection)-363.9(or)-359.3(in)-353.7(the)-361.7(severity)-356.7(of)-359.3(infection)-363.9(requires)-356.6(further)-360.2(in-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(vestigation)-389.1(in)-388.2(the)-384.7(breastfed)-387.7(infant)-388.1(population.)-390.4(Studies)-383.2(spe-)]TJ
T*
[(cically)-467.5(evaluating)-469.9(these)-462.8(health)-464.2(outcomes,)-465(and)-465.2(studies)-463.8(in)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(populations)-301.5(at)-297.2(risk)-298(for)-291.2(deciency)-302.5(or)-295.9(at)-297.2(increased)-302.5(risk)-292.3(for)-297(in-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(fection,)-284.4(such)-281.8(as)-279.6(preterm)-287.8(infants,)-283(are)-282.1(warranted.)]TJ
/F8 1 Tf
8.9663 0 0 8.9663 59.7543 494.929 Tm
[(Vitamin)-339.8(D)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
0 -1.8336 TD
(Background)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
9.843 0 0 9.843 69.7323 462.0471 Tm
[(Vitamin)-333.9(D)-330.3(i)0(s)-330.4(a)-324.8(hormone)-332.6(involved)-332.8(in)-324.9(calci)-9.3(um)-326(absorption,)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(bone)-212.9(mineralization,)-209.7(and)-206.1(immune)-212(function.)-209.5(In)-203.8(its)-210.7(most)-207.2(severe)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(form,)-285.5(vitamin)-287(D)-284.2(deciency)-291(appears)-287.4(as)-285.4(ricketsbony)-287.4(abnor-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(malities)-220(including)-218.8(bowed)-214.9(legs,)-222(splayed)-217.3(wrists,)-218.1(and)-217.6(associated)]TJ
T*
[(muscle)-367.2(weakness.)-361.8(In)-359.3(the)-361.7(past)-362.6(three)-359.3(decades,)-366.9(both)-361.6(high)-355.9(and)]TJ
T*
[(low)-488.1(resource)-490.1(countries)-484.6(have)-490.5(experienced)-490.3(a)-486.1(resurgence)-487.7(in)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(rickets)-522.7(associated)-528.2(with)-518.1(dark)-518.1(skin)-522.7(pigmentation,)-521.8(living)-519.6(at)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(higher)-439.8(latitude,)-441.3(practices)-440.8(of)-434.1(body)-436.4(covering,)-435.1(and)-436.4(exclu)-8(sive)]TJ
T*
(breastfeeding.)Tj
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 115.4834 378.7653 Tm
(27)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 125.7448 374.3999 Tm
[(The)-299.4(breast)-296.8(milk)-293.9(of)-295.9(a)-296(mother)-297.1(receiving)-295.9(a)-296(vi-)]TJ
-6.7043 -1.1174 TD
[(tamin)-192.5(D)-186.3(dose)-183.9(of)-186.5(10)]TJ
/F10 1 Tf
7.5913 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
[(g/day)-185.3(\(400)-188.7(IU/day\))-188.4(will)-190(contain)]TJ
/F11 1 Tf
12.631 0 TD
(*)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.9964 0 TD
[(80)-186.5(IU/)]TJ
-21.7717 -1.1116 TD
[(L,)-328.3(thereby)-326.9(putting)-324.9(her)-327(infant)-324.8(at)-326(risk)-326.8(for)-325.8(vitamin)-327.3(D)-324.5(decien-)]TJ
T*
(cy.)Tj
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 71.5464 345.8834 Tm
(28)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 82.7149 341.518 Tm
[(Vitamin)-380(D)-382.1(supplementation)-390.2(is)-376.5(therefore)-387.8(routinely)-380.1(re-)]TJ
-2.3327 -1.1174 TD
[(commended)-286.6(for)-279.7(the)-281.1(breastfeeding)-289.7(infant.)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(Vi)19.8(ta)19.6(mi)19.5(n)-346.7(D)-347.5(de)19.7(c)14.1(ie)19.6(nc)19.7(y)-346.7(c)0(u)19.7(r)0(r)20.9(e)0(n)19.7(t)0(l)20.6(y)-352.4(is)-336.2(de)19.7(n)21(ed)-337.4(by)-336.3(th)20.7(e)-347.8(I)0(n)15.1(s)0(t)20.9(i)0(t)20.6(u)0(t)20.7(e)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(of)-595.4(Me)18.8(di)20.7(ci)19.5(ne)-596.6(an)19.7(d)-600.1(E)0(S)19.8(P)0(G)20.1(H)0(A)19.1(N)-606.7(as)-590.7(a)-607(2)0(5)20.8(-)0(h)20.9(y)0(d)20.8(r)0(o)20.9(x)0(y)20.8(v)0(i)14.9(t)0(a)19.6(m)0(i)19.5(n)-600.1(D)]TJ
T*
[([2)15.1(5\()20.9(OH)19.1(\)D)20(])-202.7(c)0(o)19.7(n)0(c)19.7(e)0(n)19.7(t)0(r)20.7(a)0(t)19.5(i)0(o)20.7(n)-202.7(le)19.6(ss)-191.9(th)20.7(an)-193.4(50)-146.2(nm)19.6(ol)20.7(/L)-187.8(\(2)20.9(0)-156.6(n)0(g)15.1(/)0(m)19.5(L)0(\))19.7(.)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 282.6141 302.0598 Tm
[(29)24.7(,3)20.4(0)]TJ
9.843 0 0 9.843 59.7543 286.696 Tm
[(Some)-427.1(authors)-423.5(choose)-429.2(to)-422.8(dene)-422.4(vitamin)-425.2(D)-422.4(sufciency,)-426.6(the)]TJ
T*
[(threshold)-725.3(associated)-729.7(with)-719.7(optimal)-724.7(function)-724.4(of)-722.1(vitamin)]TJ
T*
[(D-dependent)-483.1(processes.)-488.5(Vitamin)-477.9(D)-480(sufciency)-480.8(denitions)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(range)-215.1(from)-212.9(75)-209.5(to)-209.7(110)-170.3(nmol/L)-210.9(\(3044)-167.9(ng/mL\))-210.7(based)-215(mostly)-209.5(on)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(studies)-221.9(in)-221.2(the)-217.7(adult)-220(population.)-223.4(Further)-216.1(investigation)-224.5(dening)]TJ
T*
[(vitamin)-287(D)-278.4(sufciency)-285(for)-279.7(infants)-285.4(is)-278.6(warranted.)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1174 TD
[(Recent)-356.8(research)-358.8(has)-349.9(invest)-7.8(igated)-354.8(the)-350.2(vitamin)-356.1(D)-353.3(needs)-353.2(of)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(both)-315.6(mother)-320.1(and)-315.5(infant,)-316.7(seeking)-321(to)-319.1(identify)-315.6(a)-319(maternal)-319(vita-)]TJ
T*
[(min)-309.9(D)-301.5(dose)-310.6(that)-305.3(is)-301.6(both)-309.8(efcacious)-309.2(and)-304(safe)-306(for)-308.5(mother)-302.8(and)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(infant.)-259.1(The)-259.1(majority)-265(of)-255.6(randomized)-263.5(trials)-261.4(have)-254.4(compared)-261.2(the)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(vitamin)-454(D)-445.5(levels,)-450.2(as)-452.4(measured)-451(by)-445.7(25\(OH\)D,)-451.4(achieved)-451.3(by)]TJ
T*
[(specic)-287.4(doses.)-280.4(Additionally,)-278.5(studies)-285.2(have)-277.4(evalu)-8(ated)-277.6(whether)]TJ
T*
[(a)-296(vitamin)-298.5(D)-295.7(dose)-293.4(is)-295.9(associated)-303.5(with)-293.5(avoidance)-302.7(of)-290.2(vitamin)-298.5(D)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(deciency.)-271.4(A)-261.1(few)-264.5(trials)-267.1(have)-260.2(measured)-266.7(infant)-267.2(bone)-264.8(health)-262.6(as)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(an)-285.6(outcome.)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(Randomized)-454.6(trials)-451.4(of)-451.4(direct)-446.9(supplementation)-453.6(to)-451.6(the)-448.1(ex-)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1174 TD
[(clusively)-444.4(breastfeeding)-439.4(infant)-440(have)-438.7(compared)-445.5(doses)-438.3(up)-434.2(to)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
(40)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
1.1692 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
[(g/day)-283.3(\(1,600)-279.6(IU/day\).)-284(Some)-283.1(of)-278.6(these)-284.2(studies)-285.2(have)-283.2(a)-284.5(pla-)]TJ
-1.7222 -1.1116 TD
[(cebo)-312(arm.)-308.6(Others)-313.8(provide)-308.5(at)-308.8(least)-307.4(5)]TJ
/F10 1 Tf
14.526 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
[(g/day)-306.3(\(200)-309.6(IU/day\))-309.3(vi-)]TJ
-15.0789 -1.1174 TD
[(tamin)-301.9(D.)-304.9(One)-299.1(study)-299.2(compared)-307.2(the)-298.3(efcacy)-305.9(of)-301.7(vitamin)-298.5(D)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 284.0314 76.8189 Tm
(2)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 290.6645 78.463 Tm
(or)Tj
-23.4593 -1.1116 TD
[(ergocalciferol)-188.6(\(from)-185.2(plants\))-181.7(and)-183(vitamin)-183.3(D)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 224.5605 65.8771 Tm
(3)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 230.0598 67.5212 Tm
[(or)-180.7(cholecalciferol)]TJ
-17.3022 -1.1116 TD
[(\(from)-455.9(animals\))-455.9(given)-450.3(as)-452.4(10)]TJ
/F10 1 Tf
11.7786 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
[(g/day)-450.3(\(400)-453.6(IU/day\))-453.3(to)-451.6(52,)-449.1(1)]TJ
13.1782 67.9242 TD
[(month-old,)-210.6(breastfeeding)-214.8(infants)-210.5(for)-210.6(3)-208.4(months.)-212.8(The)-213(change)-211.7(in)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(25\(OH\)D)-315.5(levels)-314.3(from)-316.6(baseline)-317.6(to)-313.4(study)-316.5(end)-309.7(was)-316.2(not)-314.5(signi-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(cantly)-187.7(different)-185.2(between)-190.8(groups)-184.9(\(change)-189.7(of)-180.7(56)-186.5(and)-188.8(44)-163.5(nmol/L,)]TJ
T*
[(respectively\).)-241.4(However,)-239.8(25%)-240.5(of)-238.3(the)-235(infants)-239.3(in)-238.5(the)-240.7(vitamin)-235.1(D)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 546.2361 690.6329 Tm
(2)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 310.8472 681.3352 Tm
[(group)-391.4(and)-390.4(only)-390.4(4%)-394.9(of)-393.8(infants)-389(in)-394(the)-390.5(vitamin)-396.4(D)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 505.5872 679.6912 Tm
(3)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 513.1274 681.3352 Tm
(exhibited)Tj
-20.5506 -1.1174 TD
[(vitamin)-281.2(D)-278.4(deciency)-285.2(after)-284.4(3)-283.3(months)-278.5(\(LOE)-284.1(IB\).)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 498.2172 674.7021 Tm
(31)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 320.8251 659.3951 Tm
[(Randomized)-316.4(trials)-319(with)-316.6(a)-319(true)-316.7(placebo)-322.4(control)-314.4(have)-317.7(eval-)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(uated)-226.8(doses)-230.9(of)-226.8(5)]TJ
/F10 1 Tf
6.5776 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5472 0 TD
[(g/day)-231.4(\(200)-223.2(IU/day\))-234.4(in)-227(Korea)-227.5(and)-229.1(10)]TJ
/F10 1 Tf
14.382 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
(g/day)Tj
-22.0597 -1.1174 TD
[(\(400)-275.1(IU/day\))-280.5(in)-273(Italy.)-281(In)-272.9(the)-281.1(study)-276.1(of)-272.9(5)]TJ
/F10 1 Tf
15.7586 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
[(g/day)-277.5(\(200)-275.1(IU/day\),)]TJ
-16.3115 -1.1116 TD
[(the)-367.5(supplemented)-369.4(infants)-366(demonstrated)-375.1(signicantly)-367.1(higher)]TJ
T*
[(mean)-382.3(25\(OH\)D)-384.6(status)-387.8(at)-377.9(both)-384.7(6)-381.2(and)-384.6(12)-382.3(months.)-379.8(However,)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(lumbar)-516(spine)-519.2(bone)-523.9(mineral)-518.3(density)-521.5(was)-517.8(not)-516(signicantly)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(different)-248.6(between)-248.4(groups)-248.3(\(LOE)-243.8(IIA\).)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 456.0377 597.9967 Tm
(32)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 465.8456 593.6313 Tm
[(In)-244.1(the)-246.5(study)-247.4(of)-244.1(10)]TJ
/F10 1 Tf
7.2112 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
(g/)Tj
-23.5111 -1.1116 TD
[(day)-229.1(\(400)-229(IU/day\),)-237.9(bone)-230.2(strength)-228.9(was)-235.5(measured)-232.2(by)-232.6(ultrasound)]TJ
T*
[(and)-413.4(found)-420.2(to)-411.3(be)-418.1(signicantly)-418.9(higher)-416.8(in)-417(vitamin)-413.7(D)-416.7(supple-)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(mented)-252.2(group)-253.1(\(LOE)-255.3(IIA\).)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 412.2141 565.1148 Tm
(33)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 422.0786 560.7495 Tm
[(Of)-250.7(note,)-256.8(the)-252.3(utility)-256(of)-249.8(ultrasound)]TJ
-11.3005 -1.1116 TD
[(measurement)-284.1(of)-278.6(bone)-282(strength)-286.5(has)-280.7(not)-279.9(been)-283.2(established.)]TJ
1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(Ra)12.9(ndo)14(miz)11.5(ed)-193.4(tri)13.8(als)-188.7(wit)12.8(hou)14(t)-197.1(a)-203.8(tru)13.9(e)-198.1(pla)12.7(ceb)11.7(o)-196.9(hav)12.8(e)-198.1(com)11.6(par)12.8(ed)-193.4(5,)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1174 TD
[(10,)-253.3(15,)-259.1(an)13.9(d)-266(2)0(0)]TJ
/F10 1 Tf
5.8691 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5472 0 TD
[(g/d)13.9(ay)-262.5(\(20)14(0,)-258(400)14(,)-268.4(600)19.7(,)-268.4(and)-257.9(800)-256.7(IU/)13(da)13.9(y\);)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 527.7542 532.2329 Tm
(34)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 537.7321 527.8676 Tm
(10,)Tj
-23.0503 -1.1116 TD
[(20,)-259.1(30,)-259.1(an)13.9(d)-271.8(4)0(0)]TJ
/F10 1 Tf
5.8807 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5472 0 TD
[(g/d)13.9(ay)-262.5(\(40)14(0,)-263.7(800)14(,)-268.4(1)0(,)12.7(200)14(,)-268.4(and)-257.9(1,6)11.7(00)-261.4(IU/)13(day)12.8(\);)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 542.6077 521.2912 Tm
(35)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 310.8472 505.9841 Tm
[(and)-378.8(6.25)-386.9(and)-378.8(12.5)]TJ
/F10 1 Tf
7.7065 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
[(g/day)-381.2(\(125)-384.5(and)-378.8(250)-383.4(IU/day\).)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 509.2723 510.3495 Tm
(36)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 520.4408 505.9841 Tm
[(For)-383.2(the)]TJ
-21.2936 -1.1174 TD
[(comparison)-244.9(of)-249.8(6.25)-242.9(and)-246.4(12.5)]TJ
/F10 1 Tf
11.6058 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
[(g/day)-242.9(\(125)-246.3(and)-246.4(250)-245.2(IU/day\))-251.7(in)]TJ
-12.1587 -1.1116 TD
[(Greece,)-251.7(no)-244.1(signicant)-255.3(difference)-251.9(in)-244.2(vitamin)-252.4(D)-243.9(outcomes)-254.2(was)]TJ
T*
[(observed)-316.2(\(LOE)-318.7(IB\).)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 390.6707 477.4676 Tm
(36)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 401.1589 473.1022 Tm
[(For)-314.1(the)-321.4(comparison)-314(of)-319(5)-312.1(u)0(p)-319(t)0(o)-313.4(2)0(0)]TJ
/F10 1 Tf
13.783 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
(g/)Tj
-23.5111 -1.1174 TD
[(day)-223.3(\(200)-223.2(up)-226.8(to)-221.2(800)-222.2(IU/day\))-228.7(beginning)-224.5(at)-228.1(one)-223.3(postnatal)-225.5(month)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(and)-263.6(continued)-271.7(for)-268.2(9)-266(months,)-264.6(at)-268.4(the)-263.8(end)-269.4(of)-267.1(winter)-268.1(\(average)-272.6(of)]TJ
T*
[(7)-415.8(months)-416.7(of)-416.9(therapy\))-420.1(in)-417(the)-419.3(United)-417.8(States,)-421.2(the)-413.5(four)-419(doses)]TJ
T*
[(achieved)-727.8(mean)-727.9(serum)-727.6(25\(OH\)D)-730.2(levels)-729(ranging)-728.9(78)-727.9(to)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(107)-164.6(nmol/L)-470.1(and)-471(were)-474.1(not)-470(signicantly)-476.5(different.)-470.8(Of)-475.3(note,)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(the)-269.5(infants)-273.9(receiving)-278.6(20)]TJ
/F10 1 Tf
9.6821 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5472 0 TD
[(g/day)-277.5(\(800)-269.3(IU/day\))-274.8(had)-275.2(no)-272.9(vitamin)]TJ
-10.2292 -1.1116 TD
[(D)-192(deciency)-193.1(through)-192.1(the)-188.9(study)-189.8(time)-197.1(period)-192.2(\(LOE)-191.9(IB\).)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 518.5133 400.7621 Tm
(34)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 527.7542 396.3968 Tm
[(In)-192.2(the)]TJ
-22.0366 -1.1174 TD
[(double-blind)-371.8(randomized)-372.9(trial)-369.9(of)-370.8(doses)-374.9(ranging)-366.1(from)-374.2(10)-370.8(to)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
(40)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
1.1635 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
[(g/day)-312.1(\(400)-309.6(to)-307.6(1,600)-313.1(IU/day\),)-312.8(97%)-309.6(of)-307.4(infants)-308.4(in)-313.3(all)-310(dose)]TJ
-1.7164 -1.1116 TD
[(groups)-352(achieved)-359.2(25\(OH\)D)]TJ
/F12 1 Tf
11.1738 0 TD
(>)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
[(50)-163.5(nmol/L)-354.9(by)-353.5(3)-352.4(months)-353.4(of)-353.5(age)]TJ
-11.7268 -1.1174 TD
[(\(LOE)-243.8(IB\).)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 351.2692 356.9385 Tm
(35)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 361.0771 352.5164 Tm
[(The)-247.6(studys)-243.6(primary)-246.3(aim)-247.7(for)-245.1(97.5%)-245(of)-244.1(infants)-250.8(to)]TJ
-5.1031 -1.1116 TD
[(achieve)-513.6(25\(OH\)D)]TJ
/F12 1 Tf
7.9196 0 TD
(>)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
[(75)-163.5(nmol/L)-516.1(was)-512(only)-511.4(achieved)-514.7(by)-514.8(the)]TJ
-8.4725 -1.1116 TD
(40)Tj
/F10 1 Tf
1.1635 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
[(g/day)-358.1(\(1,600)-354.5(IU/day\))-355.4(group.)-354.5(However,)-355(this)-355.8(dosing)-357.9(was)]TJ
-1.7164 -1.1116 TD
[(discontinued)-355.6(early)-359.3(due)-355.8(to)-353.7(concern)-362.5(that)-357.2(the)-355.9(25\(OH\)D)-355.8(levels)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(achieved)-295.8(were)-295.6(too)-291.4(high.)-290.2(Additionally,)-295.8(no)-290.2(difference)-297.9(in)-290.3(bone)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(mineral)-293.7(content)-298.3(was)-298.9(seen)-294.5(between)-300.2(dosing)-294.5(groups)-294.4(during)-294.7(the)]TJ
T*
[(study)-281.9(or)-278.6(at)-280(3)-283.3(years)-278.3(of)-284.4(age.)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 414.255 291.1747 Tm
(35,37)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 320.8251 275.8109 Tm
[(In)-290.1(addition)-286.8(to)-290.3(study)-293.4(of)-290.2(direct)-291.4(infant)-290.2(supplement)-8.9(ation)-289.1(with)]TJ
-1.0137 -1.1116 TD
[(vitamin)-373.3(D,)-374(recent)-373.1(investigation)-380(has)-372.9(focused)-372.7(on)-370.8(methods)-378.7(to)]TJ
T*
[(provide)-233.6(vitamin)-235.1(D)-238.1(t)0(o)-232.7(the)-235(infant)-232.6(by)-232.6(supplement)-8.9(ing)-233.8(the)-229.2(mother)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(and)-280.9(thereby)-286.6(augmenting)-285.5(the)-281.1(level)-284.6(of)-284.4(vitamin)-281.2(D)-284.2(i)0(n)-284.6(her)-280.9(breast)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(milk.)-303.1(These)-308.3(studies)-302.5(have)-306.2(addressed)-306.7(the)-304.1(questionis)-308.1(there)-301.7(a)]TJ
T*
[(maternal)-261.4(vitamin)-263.9(D)-266.9(dose)-258.8(that)-265(is)-261.3(efcacious)-268.8(and)-257.9(safe)-265.7(for)-262.4(both)]TJ
0 -1.1174 TD
[(the)-361.7(mother)-366.2(and)-367.3(infant?)-361.6(Two)-368.2(studies,)-363.5(based)-364.7(on)-365.1(previous)-367(re-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
(search,)Tj
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 338.5133 203.4708 Tm
(28,38)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 359.9999 199.1054 Tm
[(were)-491.4(designed)-489.1(and)-488.3(performed)-497.2(to)-486.1(address)-493.4(this)]TJ
-4.9937 -1.1116 TD
[(question.)-405.1(One)-408.5(randomized,)-405.2(blinded)-406.5(clinical)-410.2(trial)-404.4(compared)]TJ
T*
[(maternal)-342.1(intake)-343.3(of)-336.2(10,)-339.7(60,)-339.7(and)-338.5(160)]TJ
/F10 1 Tf
14.4626 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5472 0 TD
[(g/day)-340.9(\(400,)-341.9(2,400,)-339.6(and)]TJ
-15.0098 -1.1174 TD
[(6,400)-359.2(IU/day\))-366.9(in)-359.4(334)-360.4(mother/infant)-369.7(dyads.)]TJ
7.3823 0 0 6.5614 483.1369 170.5889 Tm
(39)Tj
9.843 0 0 9.843 494.1353 166.2236 Tm
[(For)-360.2(the)-361.7(group)]TJ
-18.6211 -1.1116 TD
[(with)-449(maternal)-457.3(dose)-448.9(of)-451.4(10)]TJ
/F10 1 Tf
10.9377 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
[(g/day)-450.3(\(400)-447.9(IU/day\),)-456.7(the)-448.1(infant)]TJ
-11.4906 -1.1116 TD
[(also)-495.1(received)-497.4(10)]TJ
/F10 1 Tf
7.1708 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
[(g/day)-496.4(\(400)-493.9(IU/day\).)-497.1(For)-492.7(the)-494.2(other)-496.3(two)]TJ
-7.7238 -1.1174 TD
[(groups,)-366.9(no)-370.8(vitamin)-367.6(D)-370.6(was)-373.8(provided)-367.2(to)-370.9(the)-367.5(infant.)-374.3(The)-368.5(ma-)]TJ
0 -1.1116 TD
[(ternal)-216.5(60)]TJ
/F10 1 Tf
3.6747 0 TD
(l)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
.5529 0 TD
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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ET
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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(143:582586.)Tj
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[(8.)-500.4(Aggarwal)-325.5(D,)-312.9(Sachdev)-321.5(HP,)-315.9(Nagpal)-321.4(J,)-316.5(et)-321.1(al.)-315.1(Haematological)]TJ
1.2503 -1.1223 TD
[(effect)-328.6(of)-319.8(iron)-325.6(supplementation)-328.4(in)-323(breast)-321.2(fed)-324.1(term)-323.2(low)-324.7(birth)]TJ
0 -1.1284 TD
[(weight)-334.9(infants.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
6.3737 0 TD
[(Arch)-335.1(Dis)-336(Child)]TJ
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(2005;90:2629.)Tj
-14.1868 -1.1223 TD
[(9.)-500.4(Wasantwisut)-286.9(E,)-276.6(Winichagoon)-281.6(P,)-277.6(Chitchumroonchokchai)-287(C,)]TJ
1.2503 -1.1284 TD
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0 -1.1223 TD
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0 -1.1284 TD
[(breast-fed)-391.6(infants)-383.7(in)-384(rural)-381(communities)-390.8(of)-380.8(northeast)-388.2(Thai-)]TJ
0 -1.1223 TD
(land.)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
2.3116 0 TD
[(J)-333.7(Nutr)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
2.952 0 TD
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-7.0141 -1.1284 TD
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1.7505 -1.1223 TD
[(mentation)-446.7(affects)-443.8(growth)-437.2(and)-443.8(morbidity)-440.6(of)-441.8(breast-fed)-440.4(in-)]TJ
0 -1.1284 TD
[(fants:)-725.1(Results)-720.7(of)-722.3(a)-718(randomized)-722.9(trial)-719.1(in)-719.4(Sweden)-727.4(and)]TJ
0 -1.1223 TD
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4.4707 0 TD
[(J)-333.7(Nutr)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
2.9459 0 TD
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1.7505 -1.1223 TD
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[(J)-327.6(Ped)11.8(ia)12.5(tr)]TJ
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[(J)-236.1(Pediatr)-242.9(Hematol)-239(Oncol)]TJ
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1.7505 -1.1284 TD
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[(Am)-339.2(J)-333.7(Clin)-333.6(Nutr)]TJ
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1.7505 -1.1223 TD
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12.6254 0 TD
[(J)-333.7(Nutr)]TJ
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1.7505 -1.1283 TD
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0 -1.1223 TD
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/F4 1 Tf
14.0831 0 TD
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(2005;94:)Tj
-20.408 -1.1284 TD
(15781582.)Tj
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1.7505 -1.1284 TD
[(ments)-271.4(of)-277.1(infants)-273.9(and)-273(toddlers.)]TJ
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12.2473 0 TD
[(J)-272.7(Pediatr)-279.5(Gastroenterol)-275.9(Nutr)]TJ
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(2014;58:119129.)Tj
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1.7505 -1.1223 TD
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1.7505 -1.1284 TD
[(684:)-414.8(Delayed)-423.3(umbilical)-421.7(cord)-415.8(clamping)-422.7(after)-415.7(birth.)]TJ
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21.3595 0 TD
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1.7505 -1.1223 TD
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0 -1.1284 TD
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12.2839 0 TD
[(Cochrane)-263.5(Database)-261.7(Syst)-265.6(Rev)]TJ
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(2013:Cd004074.)Tj
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[(22.)-500.5(Shaaban)-364.2(SY,)-364.7(AzizEl-Hodhod)-364.2(MA,)-367.2(Nassar)-365.2(MF,)-362.4(et)-363.8(al.)-363.8(Zinc)]TJ
1.7505 -1.1223 TD
[(status)-368.1(of)-368.6(lactating)-377.6(Egyptian)-366(mothers)-371.6(and)-370.6(their)-372.1(infants:)-371(Ef-)]TJ
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[(fect)-388.9(of)-386.9(maternal)-386.6(zinc)-386.6(supplementation.)]TJ
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16.3582 0 TD
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(2005;25:)Tj
-20.408 -1.1223 TD
(4553.)Tj
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1.7505 -1.1223 TD
[(copper)-377.6(concentrations)-384.5(in)-377.9(human)-382.7(preterm)-379(milk.)]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
19.5846 0 TD
[(Biol)-379.5(Trace)]TJ
-19.5846 -1.1284 TD
[(Elem)-330.9(Res)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
4.1719 0 TD
(2010;136:17.)Tj
-5.9224 -1.1223 TD
[(24.)-500.5(Heinig)-420.3(MJ,)-419.6(Brown)-424.2(KH,)-418.3(Lonnerdal)-422(B,)-419.7(et)-424.8(al.)-418.7(Zinc)-420.8(supple-)]TJ
1.7505 -1.1284 TD
[(mentation)-343(does)-345.5(not)-341.4(affect)-346.9(growth,)-345.8(morbidity,)-343.1(or)-344.2(motor)-343.6(de-)]TJ
0 -1.1223 TD
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[(Am)-333.1(J)-333.7(Clin)-333.6(Nutr)]TJ
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(2006;84:594601.)Tj
-8.423 -1.1223 TD
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1.7505 -1.1284 TD
(deciency.)Tj
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/F7 1 Tf
6.6726 0 TD
(1986;43:955958.)Tj
-13.1316 -1.1223 TD
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1.7505 -1.1284 TD
[(zinc)-240.2(deciency)-240(caused)-244.4(by)-238.2(a)-242.2(heterozygous)-240.9(G87R)-238.7(mutation)-241.1(in)]TJ
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[(the)-333.4(zinc)-343.9(transporter)-338.2(ZnT-2)-336.2(\(SLC30A2\))-340.4(gene)-338.4(in)-335.2(the)-339.5(mother)]TJ
0 -1.1284 TD
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(+)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
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[(\))-350.1(for)-352.7(normal)-354(growth)]TJ
-15.7421 -1.1223 TD
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[(Int)-331.5(J)-333.7(Endocrinol)]TJ
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(2013;2013:259189.)Tj
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[(27.)-500.5(Holick)-603.2(MF.)-606.3(Resurrection)-613.4(of)-600.3(vitamin)-606.9(D)-605.5(deciency)-612.1(and)]TJ
1.7505 -1.1223 TD
(rickets.)Tj
/F4 1 Tf
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[(J)-333.7(Clin)-333.6(Invest)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
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(2006;116:20622072.)Tj
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1.7505 -1.1284 TD
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0 -1.1284 TD
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[(Am)-253.8(J)-260.5(C)13.4(l)18.7(i)12.6(n)-262.4(N)13.4(u)18.2(t)12.6(r)]TJ
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1.7505 -1.1223 TD
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[(J)-345.9(Pediatr)-352.7(Gastro-)]TJ
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(2013;56:692701.)Tj
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1.7505 -1.1284 TD
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(2013;143:148153.)Tj
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1.7505 -1.1284 TD
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(2010;25:8389.)Tj
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[(ABM)-336(PROTOCOL)]TJ
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